Why Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live longer than men in the present, and why has this advantage increased over time? The evidence isn't conclusive and we're only able to provide partial solutions. We recognize that biological, اوضاع الجماع behavioral and اوضاع الجماع environmental factors contribute to the fact that women have longer lives than men, However, we're not sure what the contribution of each of these factors is.

We are aware that women live longer than males, regardless of weight. However this is not because of certain non-biological factors have changed. What are the factors that are changing? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are others that are more intricate. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is above the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can expect to live longer than her brother.

The chart above shows that the advantage of women exists across all countries, the cross-country differences are large. In Russia, women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the difference is less that half a year.

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In wealthy countries, the advantage of women in longevity was not as great.
Let's take a look at how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart compares male and female life expectancies when they were born in the US over the period 1790-2014. Two specific points stand out.

There is an upward trend. Both men and women in the US have a much longer life span longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, there's an increase in the gap between men and women: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be very modest however, it has increased significantly during the last century.

By selecting 'Change Country from the chart, determine if these two points apply to other countries that have available information: Sweden, France and the UK.