Why Do Women Have Longer Lives Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men in the present and why has this advantage increased over time? There is only limited evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to reach an absolute conclusion. We know that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all contribute to the fact that women are healthier than men; however, we do not know how significant the impact of each of these factors is.

In spite of how much amount of weight, صبغ الشعر بالاسود we are aware that at a minimum, the reason why women live longer than men do today however not as previously, has to be due to the fact that some fundamental non-biological factors have changed. What are these factors that have changed? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are above the diagonal line of parity - this means in all countries baby girls can expect to live for صبغ الشعر بالاسود longer than a new boy.1

It is interesting to note that the advantage of women exists in all countries, country-specific differences are huge. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than men; in Bhutan the gap is less than half one year.

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In rich countries the women's advantage in longevity used to be smaller
Let's examine how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart shows male and female life expectancies when they were born in the US over the period 1790-2014. Two things stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Women and men in America have longer lives than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an increasing gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be extremely small, but it grew substantially in the past century.

You can confirm that the points you've listed are applicable to other countries that have data by selecting the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.