Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men, and why has this advantage increased over time? The evidence isn't conclusive and we're left with only partial solutions. We know that behavioral, biological and زيوت تطويل الشعر environmental factors contribute to the fact that women live longer than men; but we don't know exactly how much the influence of each one of these factors is.

Independently of the exact weight, we know that at least part of the reason women live longer than men in the present but not in the past, is to relate to the fact that some fundamental non-biological factors have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are above the diagonal parity line - which means that in every country a newborn girl can expect to live for longer than a new boy.1

This chart shows that, while there is a female advantage in all countries, the differences across countries can be significant. In Russia, women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan, the difference is less that half a year.

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In rich countries the longevity advantage for women was previously smaller.
Let's look at how female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The next chart shows the life expectancy of males and females when they were born in the US during the time period between 1790 and 2014. Two distinct features stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Men as well as women in the US live much, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an increasing gap: The female advantage in terms of life expectancy used to be very modest, but it grew substantially over the course of the last century.

You can check if the points you've listed are applicable to other countries with data by clicking the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.