Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What is the reason women live longer than men? And why the advantage has grown as time passes? The evidence isn't conclusive and we're only able to provide partial answers. While we are aware that there are behavioral, biological and environmental variables that play an integral role in women who live longer than men, we do not know the extent to which each factor تحاميل مهبلية plays a role.

In spite of the number of pounds, we know that a large portion of the reason why women live so much longer than men do today, but not in the past, has to relate to the fact that a number of significant non-biological elements have changed. The factors changing are numerous. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, all countries are above the diagonal parity line ; this means that in all countries the newborn girl is likely to live for longer than a new boy.1

Interestingly, this chart shows that while the female advantage exists in all countries, cross-country differences are large. In Russia, women live for 10 years longer than males. In Bhutan, the difference is only half a year.

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In rich countries the women's advantage in longevity was not as great.
Let's examine how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The following chart shows the men and women's life expectancies at the birth in the US during the period 1790-2014. Two things stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Men as well as women in the US live much, much longer than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is getting wider: Although the advantage of women in life expectancy was quite small, it has increased substantially with time.

When you click on the option "Change country' on the chart, you will be able to verify that these two points are also applicable to other countries with available data: Sweden, France and the UK.