Why Do Women Have Longer Lives Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What is the reason women live longer than men? Why does this benefit increase as time passes? The evidence isn't conclusive and we have only limited solutions. While we are aware that there are biological, psychological and environmental factors which play a significant role in women who live longer than men, we don't know how much each one contributes.

We have learned that women live longer than males, regardless of weight. But this isn't because of certain non-biological aspects have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As we can see, every country is above the diagonal parity line , it means that in all nations the newborn girl is likely to live longer than a newborn boy.1

Interestingly, this chart shows that, while the advantage for women exists in all countries, global differences are significant. In Russia, women live 10 years more than males. In Bhutan there is a difference of just half a year.

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The female advantage in life expectancy was less in rich countries than it is now.
Let's examine the way that female advantages in terms of longevity has changed over time. The chart below shows male and female life expectancy at the birth in the US during the period 1790-2014. Two points stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Men and women in America live longer than they used to 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an increase in the gap between men and كيفية ممارسة العلاقة الزوجية فى الاسلام (https://glorynote.com/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84/) women: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be very small but it increased substantially during the last century.

By selecting 'Change Country from the chart, confirm that the two points are applicable to the other countries having available information: Sweden, France and the UK.