Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live longer than men in the present, and why have these advantages gotten bigger over time? There is only limited evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to support an unambiguous conclusion. We know that behavioral, علامات الحمل بولد (a cool way to improve) biological and environmental factors all contribute to the fact that women have longer life spans than men, However, we're not sure how strong the relative contribution of each of these factors is.

In spite of how much number of pounds, we know that at least part of the reason why women live longer than men in the present but not previously, is to be due to the fact that several key non-biological factors have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is over the line of parity diagonally. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can anticipate to live longer than her brother.

Interestingly, this chart shows that, while the advantage for women exists everywhere, the difference between countries is huge. In Russia women live 10 years longer than males; while in Bhutan the difference is just half an hour.

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In wealthy countries, the longevity advantage for women used to be smaller
Let's examine how the female advantage in life expectancy has changed over time. The following chart shows the male and female life expectancies at the birth in the US between 1790-2014. Two things stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Both genders in the United States live longer than they used to a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

There is a widening gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be extremely small however it increased dramatically over the last century.

Using the option 'Change country from the chart, determine if these two points apply to other countries that have available data: Sweden, France and the UK.